Oda Nobunaga

Oda Nobunaga (織田 信長) lahir 23 Juni 1534 – meninggal 21 Juni 1582 pada umur 47 tahun) adalah seorang daimyo Jepang yang hidup dari zaman Sengoku hingga zaman Azuchi-Momoyama. Lahir sebagai pewaris Oda Nobuhide, Nobunaga harus bersaing memperebutkan hak menjadi kepala klan dengan adik kandungnya Oda Nobuyuki. Setelah menang dalam pertempuran melawan klan Imagawa dan klan Saito, Nobunaga menjadi pengikut Ashikaga Yoshiaki dan diangkat sebagai pejabat di Kyoto. Kekuatan penentang Nobunaga seperti klan Takeda, klan Asakura, pendukung kuil Enryakuji, dan kuil Ishiyama Honganji dapat ditaklukkan berkat bantuan Ashikaga Yoshiaki. Nobunaga menjalankan kebijakan pasar bebas (rakuichi rakuza) dann melakukan survei wilayah. Nobunaga diserang pengikutnya yang bernama Akechi Mitsuhide sehingga terpaksa melakukan bunuh diri dalam Insiden Honnōji.

Masa muda

Nobunaga dilahirkan di Istana Shōbata pada tahun 1534 sebagai putra ketiga Oda Nobuhide, seorang daimyo zaman Sengoku dari Provinsi Owari. Kisah lain mengatakan Nobunaga dilahirkan di Istana Nagoya. Ibunya bernama Dota Gozen (Tsuchida Gozen) yang merupakan istri sah Nobuhide, sehingga Nobunaga berhak menjadi pewaris kekuasaan sang ayah.

Nobunaga sejak masih muda memperlihatkan sifat genius dan tindakan gagah berani. Tindakan yang sangat mengejutkan sang ayah juga sering dilakukan oleh Nobunaga, seperti menggunakan api untuk melepas sekelompok kuda di Istana Kiyosu. Ketika masih merupakan pewaris kekuasaan ayahnya, Nobunaga dari luar terlihat sangat melindungi para pengikutnya. Di sisi lain, Nobunaga sangat berhati-hati terhadap para pengikut walaupun tidak diperlihatkan secara terang-terangan. Nobunaga sering melewatkan masa kecil bersama Matsudaira Takechiyo (nantinya dikenal sebagai Tokugawa Ieyasu) sehingga keduanya menjalin persahabatan yang erat.


Ilustrasi Oda Nobunaga

Pada tahun 1546, Nobunaga menyebut dirinya sebagai Oda Kazusanosuke (Oda Nobunaga) setelah diresmikan sebagai orang dewasa pada usia 13 tahun di Istana Furuwatari. Nobunaga mewarisi jabatan kepala klan (katoku) setelah Oda Nobuhide tutup usia. Pada upacara pemakaman ayahnya, Nobunaga melakukan tindakan yang dianggap tidak sopan dengan melemparkan abu dupa ke altar. Ada pendapat yang mengatakan cerita ini merupakan hasil karangan orang beberapa tahun kemudian.

Pada tahun 1548, Nobunaga mulai memimpin pasukan sebagai pengganti sang ayah. Pertempuran sengit melawan musuh lama Saitō Dōsan dari Provinsi Mino akhirnya bisa diselesaikan secara damai. Nobunaga kemudian menikah dengan putri Saito Dōsan yang bernama Nōhime.

Perselisihan keluarga

Pada tanggal 24 Agustus 1556, Nobunaga memadamkan pemberontakan yang dipimpin adik kandungnya sendiri Oda Nobuyuki, Hayashi Hidesada, Hayashi Michitomo, dan Shibata Katsuie dalam Pertempuran Inō. Oda Nobuyuki terkurung di dalam Istana Suemori yang dikepung pasukan Nobunaga. Sang ibu (Dota Gozen) datang untuk menengahi pertempuran di antara kedua putranya, dan Nobunaga dimintanya untuk mengampuni Nobuyuki.

Pada tahun berikutnya 1557, Nobuyuki kembali menyusun rencana pemberontakan. Nobunaga yang mendengar rencana ini dari laporan rahasia Shibata Katsuie berpura-pura sakit dan menjebak Nobuyuki untuk datang menjenguknya ke Istana Kiyosu. Nobuyuki dihabisi sewaktu datang ke Istana Kiyosu.

Perselisihan terjadi di dalam klan Oda yang terdiri dari banyak keluarga dan faksi. Klan Oda mengabdi selama tiga generasi untuk keluarga Oda Yamato-no-kami. Oda Nobutomo memimpin keluarga Oda Yamato-no-kami yang menjabat shugodai untuk distrik Shimoyon, Provinsi Owari. Nobunaga bukan merupakan garis keturunan utama klan Oda, sehingga Oda Nobutomo berniat menghabisi keluarga Nobunaga yang dianggap sebagai ancaman.

Lambang Klan Oda

Pada saat itu, Oda Nobutomo menjadikan penjaga Provinsi Owari, Shiba Yoshimune sebagai boneka untuk mempertahankan kekuasaan. Walaupun hal ini lazim dilakukan shugodai pada zaman itu, Yoshimune tidak menyukai perlakuan Nobutomo sehingga hubungan di antara keduanya menjadi tegang. Di tengah panasnya hubungan dengan Yoshimune, Nobutomo menyusun rencana pembunuhan atas Nobunaga. Rencana pembunuhan ini dibocorkan Yoshimune kepada Nobunaga, sehingga ada alasan untuk menyerang Nobutomo. Karna telah membocorkan rencana pembunuhan yang akan dilakukan oleh Nobutomo kepada Nobunaga, Shiba Yoshimune dibunuh oleh Nobutomo.

Peristiwa pembunuhan Shiba Yoshikane merupakan kesempatan bagi Nobunaga untuk memburu dan membunuh komplotan pembunuh Yoshikane dari keluarga Oda Kiyosu yang sudah lama merupakan ganjalan bagi Nobunaga. Oda Nobutomo berhasil dihabisi paman Nobunaga yang bernama Oda Nobumitsu (penguasa Istana Mamoriyama). Dengan tewasnya Nobutomo, Nobunaga berhasil menamatkan sejarah keluarga Oda Kiyosu yang merupakan garis keturunan utama klan Oda, sehingga keluarga Oda Nobunaga yang bukan berasal dari garis keturunan utama bisa menjadi pemimpin klan.

Nobunaga menaklukkan penguasa Istana Inuyama bernama Oda Nobukiyo yang sebenarnya masih satu keluarga. Setelah itu, Nobunaga menyingkirkan Oda Nobuyasu yang merupakan garis utama keturunan klan Oda sekaligus penguasa distrik Shimoyon. Oda Nobuyasu adalah anggota keluarga Oda Kiyosu yang menjadi musuh besar Nobunaga. Nobunaga berhasil mengalahkan Oda Nobuyasu, dan mengusirnya dalam Pertempuran Ukino. Pada tahun 1559, keluarga Nobunaga berhasil memegang kendali kekuasaan Provinsi Owari.

Pertempuran Okehazama

Pada tahun 1560, penjaga wilayah Suruga yang bernama Imagawa Yoshimoto memimpin pasukan besar-besaran yang dikabarkan terdiri dari 20.000 sampai 40.000 prajurit untuk menyerang Owari. Imagawa Yoshimoto adalah musuh Nobunaga karena masih satu keluarga dengan klan Kira yang merupakan garis luar keturunan keluarga shogun Ashikaga. Klan Matsudaira dari Mikawa yang berada di garis depan berhasil menaklukkan benteng-benteng pihak Nobunaga.

Pertempuran tidak seimbang karena jumlah pasukan klan Oda hanya sedikit. Di tengah kepanikan Nobunaga pergi berdoa ke kuil Atsuta-jingū dengan hanya ditemani beberapa orang pengikutnya yang menunggang kuda. Sebagai pengalih perhatian, sejumlah prajurit diperintahkan untuk tinggal di tempat. Sementara itu, Nobunaga memimpin pasukan yang hanya terdiri dari 2.000 prajurit untuk menyerang pasukan Imagawa yang sedang mabuk kemenangan. Imagawa Yoshimoto diincarnya untuk dibunuh. Pasukan Nobunaga pasti kalah jika berhadapan langsung dengan pasukan Imagawa yang berjumlah sepuluh kali lipat. Peristiwa ini dikenal sebagai Pertempuran Okehazama. Imagawa Yoshimoto sangat terkejut dan tidak menduga serangan mendadak dari pihak Nobunaga. Pengawal berkuda dari pihak Nobunaga, Hattori Koheita dan Mōri Shinsuke berhasil membunuh Imagawa Yoshimoto. Setelah kehilangan pemimpin, sisa-sisa pasukan Imagawa pulang melarikan diri ke Suruga. Kemenangan dalam Pertempuran Okehazama membuat nama Oda Nobunaga, 26 tahun, menjadi terkenal di seluruh negeri.

Penaklukan Mino

Penaklukan Saitō Tatsuoki dari Provinsi Mino merupakan tujuan berikut Nobunaga. Pada tahun 1564, Nobunaga bersekutu dengan Azai Nagamasa dari Ōmi utara untuk menjepit posisi klan Saitō. Berdasarkan perjanjian tersebut, adik perempuan Nobunaga yang bernama Oichi dinikahkan dengan Azai Nagamasa.

Pada tahun 1566, Nobunaga memerintahkan Kinoshita Tōkichirō (Hashiba Hideyoshi) untuk membangun Istana Sunomata yang akan digunakan sebagai batu loncatan penyerangan ke Mino.

Nobunaga berhasil menaklukkan pasukan Saitō Tatsuoki berkat bantuan klan Takenaka, Kelompok Tiga Serangkai dari Mino bagian barat (pasukan dari klan Inaba, klan Ujiie, dan klan Andō), klan Hachisuka, klan Maeno dan klan Kanamori. Dengan ditaklukkan Provinsi Mino pada tahun 1567, Nobunaga menjadi daimyo dua provinsi sekaligus di usia 33 tahun.

Dan pada tahun itu juga, Nobunaga mulai secara terang-terangan menunjukkan ambisinya menguasai seluruh Jepang. Nobunaga mulai menggunakan stempel bertuliskan Tenka Fubu (天下布武, Di bawah langit, menguasai dengan kekuatan bersenjata) atau penguasaan seluruh Jepang dengan kekuatan bersenjata.

Bertugas di Kyoto

Pada bulan Juli 1568, Yoshiaki dengan mengabaikan rasa takutnya, mendekati Nobunaga yang sudah menjadi penguasa Mino. Pada bulan September tahun yang sama, permintaan bantuan Ashikaga Yoshiaki disambut Nobunaga yang kebetulan mempunyai ambisi untuk menguasai Jepang. Nobunaga menerima Ashikaga Yoshiaki sebagai shogun ke-15 yang kemudian memuluskan rencananya untuk menguasai Kyoto.

Usaha Nobunaga untuk menaklukkan Kyoto dihentikan di Provinsi Ōmi oleh klan Rokkaku. Pimpinan klan Rokkaku yang bernama Rokkaku Yoshikata tidak mengakui Yoshiaki sebagai shogun. Serangan mendadak dilakukan Nobunaga, dan seluruh anggota klan Rokkaku terusir. Penguasa Kyoto yang terdiri dari Miyoshi Yoshitsugu dan Mastunaga Hisahide juga ditaklukkan Nobunaga. Ambisi Nobunaga menguasai Kyoto tercapai setelah Kelompok Tiga Serangkai Miyoshi melarikan diri ke Provinsi Awa.

Nobunaga memaksa Yoshiaki untuk mematuhi Lima Pasal Peraturan Kediaman Keshogunan (denchū okite gokajū) yang membuat shogun Yoshiaki sebagai boneka Nobunaga. Secara diam-diam, Ashikaga Yoshiaki membentuk koalisi anti Nobunaga dibantu daimyo penentang Nobunaga.

Dalam usaha menaklukkan Kyoto, Nobunaga memberi dana pengeluaran militer sebanyak 20.000 kan kepada kota Sakai dengan permintaan agar tunduk kepada Nobunaga. Perkumpulan pedagang kota Sakai (Sakai Egoshū) menentang Nobunaga dengan bantuan Kelompok Tiga Serangkai Miyoshi. Pada tahun 1569, kota Sakai menyerah setelah diserang pasukan Nobunaga.

Sekitar tahun 1567, Nobunaga berusaha menaklukkan Provinsi Ise. Provinsi Ise dikuasai Nobunaga berkat bantuan kedua putranya yang dikawinkan dengan anggota keluarga klan yang berpengaruh di Ise. Pada tahun 1568, Nobunaga memaksa klan Kambe untuk menyerah dengan imbalan Oda Nobutaka dijadikan penerus keturunan klan Kambe. Pada tahun 1569, Nobunaga menundukkan klan Kitabatake yang menguasai Provinsi Ise. Putra kedua Nobunaga yang bernama Oda Nobuo (Oda Nobukatsu) dijadikan sebagai penerus keturunan Kitabatake.

Pertempuran Kanegasaki dan Koalisi Anti-Nobunaga

Map Pertempuran Kanegasaki

Pada bulan April 1570, Nobunaga bersama Tokugawa Ieyasu memimpin pasukan untuk menyerang Asakura Yoshikage di Provinsi Echizen. Istana milik Asakura satu demi satu berhasil ditaklukkan pasukan gabungan Oda-Tokugawa. Pasukan sedang dalam iring-iringan menuju Kanegasaki ketika secara tiba-tiba Azai Nagamasa (sekutu Nobunaga dari Ōmi utara) berkhianat dan menyerang pasukan Oda-Tokugawa dari belakang. Nobunaga sudah dalam posisi terjepit ketika Kinoshita Hideyoshi meminta diberi kesempatan bertempur di bagian paling belakang dibantu Tokugawa Ieyasu agar Nobunaga mempunyai kesempatan untuk kabur. Pada akhirnya, Nobunaga bisa kembali ke Kyoto. Peristiwa tersebut dikenal sebagai Jalan Lolos Kanegasaki (Kanegasaki Nukiguchi).

Pada bulan Juni 1570, pasukan Tokugawa Ieyasu bersama pasukan Nobunaga terlibat pertempuran dengan pasukan gabungan Azai-Asakura yang anti-Nobunaga. Pertempuran terjadi di tepi sungai Anegawa (Provinsi Ōmi) yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Pertempuran Sungai Anegawa.

Pada bulan September 1571, Nobunaga mengeluarkan perintah untuk membakar kuil Enryakuji yang memakan korban tewas sebanyak 4.000 orang. Korban tewas sebagian besar terdiri dari wanita dan anak-anak, termasuk pendeta kepala Enryakuji yang ikut tewas terbunuh. Takeda Shingen dalam pernyataan yang mengecam keras tindakan Nobunaga mengatakan Nobunaga sudah berubah menjadi Raja Iblis. Bangsawan bernama Yamashina Toki dalam pernyataan yang menyesalkan tindakan Nobunaga mengatakan (Nobunaga) sudah menghancurkan ajaran agama Buddha.

Pada tahun 1572, Takeda Shingen dari Provinsi Kai memutuskan untuk menyerang Kyoto sebagai jawaban atas permintaan bantuan Ashikaga Yoshiaki. Pasukan berjumlah 27.000 prajurit yang dipimpin Shingen berhasil menaklukkan wilayah kekuasaan keluarga Tokugawa.

Pada musim dingin 1572, Asakura Yoshikage secara tiba-tiba memutuskan persekutuannya dengan Takeda Shingen. Keadaan ini menguntungkan pihak Nobunaga. Pasukan Nobunaga yang dipusatkan di Ōmi utara bisa ditarik mundur. Dengan tambahan pasukan yang baru kembali dari Ōmi utara, kekuatan pasukan gabungan Oda-Tokugawa berada jauh di atas pasukan Takeda. Pasukan Takeda yang menghadapi pasukan gabungan Nobunaga hanya dapat maju pelan-pelan. Takeda Shingen mengirimkan surat kepada Yoshikage sambil terus bergerak maju sedikit demi sedikit di dalam wilayah Tokugawa.

Pada bulan Mei 1573, Shingen tutup usia karena sakit sebelum ambisinya menguasai Kyoto tercapai. Setelah membubarkan diri, Pasukan Takeda pulang ke Provinsi Kai, dan sekaligus menandai tamatnya koalisi anti-Nobunaga.

Pada bulan Juli 1573, pasukan Nobunaga terlibat dua kali bentrokan bersenjata dengan pasukan Ashikaga. Keshogunan Muromachi runtuh setelah diusirnya shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki dari Kyoto. Selanjutnya, pada bulan Agustus, Nobunaga berhasil menghancurkan pasukan Asakura Yoshikage dalam Pertempuran Ichijōdani.

Pada bulan berikutnya (September 1573), Azai Nagamasa tewas akibat penyerangan pasukan Nobunaga. Dalam peristiwa ini, adik perempuan Nobunaga yang bernama Oichi yang diperistri Azai Nagamasa berhasil diselamatkan, namun Kelompok Tiga Serangkai Miyoshi tewas terbunuh.

Pada bulan November 1573, Miyoshi Yoshitsugu dari Kawachi dipaksa pasukan Sakuma Nobumori untuk melakukan bunuh diri. Matsunaga Hisahide juga dipaksa menyerah. Tidak sampai setengah tahun setelah wafatnya Takeda Shingen, para daimyo yang menjadi anggota koalisi anti-Nobunaga tewas.

Penghancuran kelompok Ikkō

Pada tahun 1574, kelompok Ikkō Ise Nagashima dikepung pasukan Nobunaga dari darat dan laut hingga tidak berdaya akibat terputusnya jalur perbekalan. Pertempuran berlangsung sengit, dan Nobunaga sudah menderita luka-luka tembak. Namun akhirnya kelompok Ikkō menanggapi peringatan untuk menyerah. Nobunaga berpura-pura memberi izin kepada kelompok Ikki untuk menyerahkan diri. Ketika sedang berkumpul untuk menyerahkan diri, kelompok Ikki mendadak diserang. Semua pengikut kelompok Ikki yang sudah menyerah dibakar hidup-hidup, sejumlah 20.000 orang tewas.

Pertempuran Nagashino

Map pertempuran Nagashino

Pada tahun 1575, pewaris kekuasaan Takeda Shingen yang bernama Takeda Katsuyori menjadikan menantu Ieyasu (Okudaira Nobumasa) sebagai sasaran balas dendam terhadap Ieyasu. Istana Nagashino yang dijadikan tempat kediaman Nobumasa diserang pasukan Takeda Katsuyori yang terdiri dari 15.000 prajurit dihancurkan pasukan gabungan Oda-Tokugawa yang terdiri dari 30.000 prajurit Oda dan 5.000 prajurit Tokugawa. Peristiwa ini dikenal sebagai Pertempuran Nagashino. Di dalam pertempuran ini, korban tewas di pihak pasukan Takeda dikabarkan mencapai lebih dari 10.000 prajurit.

Pada tahun 1575, Nobunaga menunjuk Shibata Katsuie sebagai panglima gabungan untuk menyerang pasukan Ikko Ikki yang terbentuk setelah hancurnya klan Asakura. Pasukan Ikko Ikki dibantai pasukan Katsuie yang dikirim ke Echizen. Korban tewas akibat pasukan Katsuie dikabarkan mencapai puluhan ribu orang yang tidak membedakan usia dan jenis kelamin.

Penyerangan Kuil Ishiyama Honganji

Pada tahun 1576, Nobunaga menyerang kuil Ishiyama Honganji. Pasukan Nobunaga yang terdiri dari 3.000 prajurit sempat terdesak, tapi akhirnya pihak musuh yang terdiri dari 15.000 prajurit dikalahkan dalam Pertempuran Tennōji.

Kehancuran klan Takeda

Pada bulan Maret 1582, pasukan Oda Nobutada menyerang wilayah Takeda dan secara berturut-turut berhasil menaklukan Provinsi Shinano dan Suruga. Takeda Katsuyori dikejar sampai Gunung Tenmoku di Provinsi Kai, dan terpaksa bunuh diri yang menandai musnahnya klan Takeda.

Sementara itu, pasukan Shibata Katsuie bertempur dengan putra pewaris Uesugi Kenshin yang bernama Uesugi Kagekatsu, tapi dipaksa mundur setelah hampir merebut Noto dan Etchū. Pada saat yang bersamaan, pasukan yang dipimpin putra Nobunaga Kambe Nobutaka dan menteri Niwa Nagahide sedang dalam persiapan berangkat ke Shikoku untuk menyerbu Chōsokabe Motochika.

Nobunaga mengirim Takigawa Kazumasa ke Provinsi Kōzuke untuk meredam kekuatan daimyo berpenghasilan 2.400.000 koku bernama Hōjō Ujimasa. Pada saat itu, Ujimasa sedang berperang melawan Uesugi Kagekatsu dan Takeda Katsuyori. Nobunaga juga mengirim Kawajiri Hidetaka ke Provinsi Kai dan Mori Nagayoshi ke Provinsi Shinano sebagai bagian dari strategi untuk menekan kekuatan militer Ujimasa. Setelah dikepung panglima daerah yang berada di pihak Nobunaga, pasukan Nobunaga tidak perlu lagi mengangkat senjata melawan Hōjō Ujimasa yang ruang geraknya sudah dibatasi.

Insiden Honnōji

Video Ilustrasi Insiden Honnōji

Pada tanggal 15 Mei 1582, Tokugawa Ieyasu berkunjung ke Istana Azuchi untuk mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Nobunaga atas penambahan Suruga ke dalam wilayah kekuasaannya. Nobunaga menugaskan Akechi Mitsuhide sebagai tuan rumah yang mengurus segala keperluan Ieyasu selama berada di Istana Azuchi mulai tanggal 15 Mei-17 Mei 1582.

Di tengah kunjungan Ieyasu di Istana Azuchi, Nobunaga menerima utusan yang dikirim Hashiba Hideyoshi yang meminta tambahan pasukan dari Nobunaga. Posisi Hideyoshi yang sedang bertempur merebut Istana Takamatsu di Bitchū dalam keadaan sulit, karena jumlah pasukan Mōri berada di atas jumlah pasukan Hideyoshi. Nobunaga menanggapi permintaan bantuan Hideyoshi. Mitsuhide dibebaskan dari tugasnya sebagai tuan rumah bagi Ieyasu dan diperintahkan memimpin pasukan bantuan untuk Hideyoshi.

Nobunaga berangkat ke Kyoto pada 29 Mei 1582 dengan tujuan mempersiapkan pasukan yang dikirim untuk menyerang pasukan Mōri. Nobunaga menginap di kuil Honnōji, Kyoto. Akechi Mitsuhide yang sedang dalam perjalanan memimpin pasukan bala bantuan untuk Hideyoshi berbalik arah, dan secara tiba-tiba muncul di Kyoto untuk menyerang kuil Honnōji. Pada tanggal 2 Juni 1582, Nobunaga terpaksa melakukan bunuh diri, namun jasad Nobunaga kabarnya tidak pernah ditemukan. Peristiwa ini dikenal sebagai Insiden Honnōji.


Makam Oda Nobunaga

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川 家康, January 31, 1543 – June 1, 1616) was the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan which ruled from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Ieyasu seized power in 1600, received appointment as shogun in 1603, abdicated from office in 1605, but remained in power until his death in 1616. His given name is sometimes spelled Iyeyasu, according to the historical pronunciation of we. Ieyasu was posthumously enshrined at Nikkō Tōshō-gū with the name Tōshō Daigongen (東照大権現).

Early Life (1543–1556)

Tokugawa Ieyasu was born in Okazaki Castle in Mikawa on the 26th day of the twelfth month of the eleventh year of Tenbun, according to the Japanese calendar. Originally named Matsudaira Takechiyo (松平 竹千代), he was the son of Matsudaira Hirotada (松平 広忠), the daimyo of Mikawa of the Matsudaira clan, and Odainokata (於大の方), the daughter of a neighboring samurai lord Mizuno Tadamasa (水野 忠政). His mother and father were step-siblings. They were just 17 and 15 years old, respectively, when Ieyasu was born. Two years later, Odainokata was sent back to her family and the couple never lived together again. As both husband and wife remarried and both went on to have further children, Ieyasu in the end had 11 half-brothers and sisters.

The Matsudaira family was split in 1550: one side wanted to be vassals of the Imagawa clan, while the other side preferred the Oda. As a result, much of Ieyasu's early years were spent in danger as wars with the Oda and Imagawa clans were fought. This family feud was the reason behind the murder of Hirotada's father (Takechiyo's grandfather), Matsudaira Kiyoyasu (松平 清康). Unlike his father and the majority of his branch of the family, Ieyasu's father, Hirotada, favored the Imagawa clan.

In 1548, when the Oda clan invaded Mikawa, Hirotada turned to Imagawa Yoshimoto, the head of the Imagawa clan, for help to repel the invaders. Yoshimoto agreed to help under the condition that Hirotada send his son Ieyasu (Takechiyo) to Sumpu as a hostage. Hirotada agreed. Oda Nobuhide, the leader of the Oda clan, learned of this arrangement and had Ieyasu abducted from his entourage en route to Sumpu. Ieyasu was just six years old at the time.

In 1549, when Ieyasu was 7, his father Hirotada died of natural causes. At about the same time, Oda Nobuhide died during an epidemic. The deaths dealt a heavy blow to the Oda clan. An army under the command of Imagawa Sessai laid siege to the castle where Oda Nobuhiro, Nobuhide's eldest son and the new head of the Oda, was living. With the castle about to fall, Imagawa Sessai offered a deal to Oda Nobunaga (Oda Nobuhide's second son). Sessai offered to give up the siege if Ieyasu was handed over to the Imagawa clan. Nobunaga agreed and so Ieyasu (now nine) was taken as a hostage to Sumpu. Here he lived a fairly good life as hostage and potentially useful future ally of the Imagawa clan until 1556 when he was age 15.

Rise to Power (1556–1584)

In 1556, Ieyasu came of age, and, following tradition, changed his name to Matsudaira Jirōsaburō Motonobu (松平 次郎三郎 元信). One year later, at the age of 16 (according to East Asian age reckoning), he married his first wife and changed his name again to Matsudaira Kurandonosuke Motoyasu (松平 蔵人之介 佐元康). Allowed to return to his native Mikawa, the Imagawa ordered him to fight the Oda clan in a series of battles. Ieyasu won his first battle at the Siege of Terabe and later succeeded in delivering supplies to a border fort through a bold night attack

In 1560 the leadership of the Oda clan had passed to the brilliant leader Oda Nobunaga. Yoshimoto, leading a large Imagawa army (perhaps 20,000 strong) then attacked the Oda clan territory. Ieyasu with his Mikawa troops captured a fort at the border and then stayed there to defend it. As a result, Ieyasu and his men were not present at the Battle of Okehazama where Yoshimoto was killed by Oda Nobunaga's surprise assault.

With Yoshimoto dead, Ieyasu decided to ally with the Oda clan. A secret deal was needed because Ieyasu's wife and infant son, Nobuyasu were held hostage in Sumpu by the Imagawa clan. In 1561, Ieyasu openly broke with the Imagawa and captured the fortress of Kaminojo. Ieyasu was then able to exchange his wife and son for the wife and daughter of the ruler of Kaminojo castle. In 1563 Nobuyasu was married to Nobunaga's daughter Tokuhime.

For the next few years Ieyasu set to reform the Matsudaira clan and pacifying Mikawa. He also strengthened his key vassals by awarding them land and castles in Mikawa. They were: Honda Tadakatsu, Ishikawa Kazumasa, Koriki Kiyonaga, Hattori Hanzō, Sakai Tadatsugu, and Sakakibara Yasumasa.

In 1567, Ieyasu changed his name yet again, his new family name was Tokugawa and his given name was now Ieyasu. In so doing, he claimed descent from the Minamoto clan. No proof has actually been found for this claimed descent from Seiwa tennō, the 56th Emperor of Japan.

Ieyasu remained an ally of Oda Nobunaga and his Mikawa soldiers were part of Nobunaga's army which captured Kyoto in 1568. At the same time Ieyasu was expanding his own territory. He and Takeda Shingen, the head of the Takeda clan in Kai Province made an alliance for the purpose of conquering all the Imagawa territory. In 1570, Ieyasu's troops captured Tōtōmi Province while Shingen's troops captured Suruga province (including the Imagawa capital of Sumpu).

Ieyasu ended his alliance with Takeda and sheltered their former enemy, Imagawa Ujizane; he also allied with Uesugi Kenshin of the Uesugi clan—an enemy of the Takeda clan. Later that year, Ieyasu led 5,000 of his own men supporting Nobunaga at the Battle of Anegawa againts the Azai and Asakura clans.

In October 1571, Takeda Shingen, now allied with the Hōjō clan, attacked the Tokugawa lands of Tōtōmi. Ieyasu asked for help from Nobunaga, who sent him some 3,000 troops. Early in 1573 the two armies met at the Battle of Mikatagahara. The Takeda army, under the expert direction of Shingen, hammered at Ieyasu's troops until they were broken. Ieyasu fled with just 5 men to a nearby castle. This was a major loss for Ieyasu, but Shingen was unable to exploit his victory because Ieyasu quickly gathered a new army and refused to fight Shingen again on the battlefield.

Fortune smiled on Ieyasu a year later when Takeda Shingen died at a siege early in 1573. Shingen was succeeded by his less capable son Takeda Katsuyori. In 1575, the Takeda army attacked Nagashino Castle in Mikawa province. Ieyasu appealed to Nobunaga for help and the result was that Nobunaga personally came at the head of his very large army (about 30,000 strong). The Oda-Tokugawa force of 38,000 won a great victory on June 28, 1575, at the Battle of Nagashino, though Takeda Katsuyori survived the battle and retreated back to Kai province.

In 1579, Ieyasu's wife, and his eldest son, Matsudaira Nobuyasu, were accused of conspiring with Takeda Katsuyori to assassinate Nobunaga. Ieyasu's wife was executed and Nobuyasu was forced to commit seppuku. Ieyasu then named his third and favorite son, Tokugawa Hidetada, as heir, since his second son was adopted by another rising power: Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the future
ruler of all Japan.

The end of the war with Takeda came in 1582 when a combined Oda-Tokugawa force attacked and conquered Kai province. Takeda Katsuyori, as well as his eldest son Takeda Nobukatsu, were defeated at the Battle of Temmokuzan and then committed seppuku.

In late 1582, Ieyasu was near Osaka and far from his own territory when he learned that Nobunaga had been assassinated by Akechi Mitsuhide. Ieyasu managed the dangerous journey back to Mikawa, avoiding Mitsuhide's troops along the way, as they were trying to find and kill him. One week after he arrived in Mikawa, Ieyasu's army marched out to take revenge on Mitsuhide. But they were too late, Hideyoshi—on his own—defeated and killed Akechi Mitsuhide at the Battle of Yamazaki.

At the same time (1583) a war for rule over Japan was fought between Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Shibata Katsuie. Ieyasu did not take a side in this conflict, building on his reputation for both caution and wisdom. Hideyoshi defeated Katsuie at Battle of Shizugatake—with this victory, Hideyoshi became the single most powerful daimyo in Japan.

Ieyasu and Hideyoshi (1584–1598)

In 1584, Ieyasu decided to support Oda Nobukatsu, the eldest son and heir of Oda Nobunaga, against Hideyoshi. This was a dangerous act and could have resulted in the annihilation of the Tokugawa.

In 1590 Hideyoshi attacked the last independent daimyo in Japan, Hōjō Ujimasa. The Hōjō clan ruled the eight provinces of the Kantō region in eastern Japan. Hideyoshi ordered them to submit to his authority and they refused. Ieyasu, though a friend and occasional ally of Ujimasa, joined his large force of 30,000 samurai with Hideyoshi's enormous army of some 160,000. Hideyoshi attacked several castles on the borders of the Hōjō clan with most of his army laying siege to the castle at Odawara. Hideyoshi's army captured Odawara after six months (oddly for the time period, deaths on both sides were few). During this siege, Hideyoshi offered Ieyasu a radical deal. He offered Ieyasu the eight Kantō provinces which they were about to take from the Hōjō in return for the five provinces that Ieyasu currently controlled (including Ieyasu's home province of Mikawa). Ieyasu accepted this proposal. Bowing to the over whelming power of the Toyotomi army, the Hōjō accepted defeat, the top Hōjō leaders killed themselves and Ieyasu marched in and took control of their provinces, so ending the clan's reign of over 100 years.

In 1592, Hideyoshi invaded Korea as a prelude to his plan to attack China. The Tokugawa samurai never took part in this campaign. Early in 1593, Ieyasu was summoned to Hideyoshi's court in Nagoya (in Kyūshū, different from similarly spelled city in Owari Province), as a military advisor. He stayed there, off and on for the next five years. Despite his frequent absences, Ieyasu's sons, loyal retainers and vassals were able to control and improve Edo and the other new Tokugawa lands.

In 1593, Hideyoshi fathered a son and heir, Toyotomi Hideyori. In 1598, with his health clearly failing, Hideyoshi called a meeting that would determine the Council of Five Elders who would be responsible for ruling on behalf of his son after his death. The five that were chosen as regents (tairō) for Hideyori were Maeda Toshiie, Mōri Terumoto, Ukita Hideie, Uesugi Kagekatsu, and Ieyasu himself, who was the most powerful of the five. This change in the pre-Sekigahara power structure became pivotal as Ieyasu turned his attention towards Kansai; and at the same time, other ambitious (albeit ultimately unrealized) plans, such as the Tokugawa initiative establish official relations with Mexico and New Spain, continued to unfold and advance.

The Sekigahara Campaign (1598–1603)


The Battle Ground of Sekigahara


Video Battle of Sekigahara part 1


Video Battle of Sekigahara part 2

Hideyoshi, after three more months of increasing sickness, died on September 18, 1598. He was nominally succeeded by his young son Hideyori but as he was just five years old, real power was in the hands of the regents. Over the next two years Ieyasu made alliances with various daimyo, especially those who had no love for Hideyoshi. Happily for Ieyasu, the oldest and most respected of the regents died after just one year. With the death of Regent Maeda Toshiie in 1599, Ieyasu led an army to Fushimi and took over Osaka Castle, the residence of Hideyori. This angered the three remaining regents and plans were made on all sides for war.

Opposition to Ieyasu centered around Ishida Mitsunari, a powerful daimyo but not one of the regents. Mitsunari plotted Ieyasu's death and news of this plot reached some of Ieyasu's generals. They attempted to kill Mitsunari but he fled and gained protection from none other than Ieyasu himself. It is not clear why Ieyasu protected a powerful enemy from his own men but Ieyasu was a master strategist and he may have concluded that he would be better off with Mitsunari leading the enemy army rather than one of the regents, who would have more legitimacy.

Nearly all of Japan's daimyo and samurai now split into two factions—Mitsunari's group and anti-Mitsunari Group. Ieyasu supported anti-Mitsunari Group, and formed them as his potential allies. Ieyasu's allies were the Date clan, the Mogami clan, the Satake clan, Maeda clan. Mitsunari allied himself with the three other regents: Ukita Hideie, Mori Terumoto, and Uesugi Kagekatsu as well as many daimyo from the eastern end of Honshū.

In June 1600, Ieyasu and his allies moved their armies to defeat the Uesugi clan who was accused of planning to revolt against Toyotomi administration (Led by Ieyasu, top of Council of Five Elders). Before arriving to Uesugi's territory, Ieyasu had got information that Mitsunari and his allies moved their army against Ieyasu. Ieyasu held a meeting with daimyo, and they agreed to ally Ieyasu. He then led the majority of his army west towards Kyoto. In late summer, Ishida's forces captured Fushimi.

Ieyasu and his allies marched along the Tōkaidō, while his son Hidetada went along the Nakasendō with 38,000 soldiers. A battle against Sanada Masayuki in Shinano Province delayed Hidetada's forces, and they did not arrive in time for the main battle.

This battle was the biggest and likely the most important battle in Japanese history. It began on October 21, 1600 with a total of 160,000 men facing each other. The Battle of Sekigahara ended with a complete Tokugawa victory. The Western block was crushed and over the next few days Ishida Mitsunari and many other western nobles were captured and killed. Tokugawa Ieyasu was now the de facto ruler of Japan.

Immediately after the victory at Sekigahara, Ieyasu redistributed land to the vassals who had served him. Ieyasu left some western daimyo un-harmed, such as the Shimazu clan, but others were completely destroyed. Toyotomi Hideyori (the son of Hideyoshi) lost most of his territory which were under management of western daimyo, and he was degraded to an ordinary daimyo, not a ruler of Japan. In later years the vassals who had pledged allegiance to Ieyasu before Sekigahara became known as the fudai daimyo, while those who pledged allegiance to him after the battle (in other words, after his power was unquestioned) were known as tozama daimyo. Tozama daimyo were considered inferior to fudai daimyo.

Shogun Ieyasu (1603–1605)


Tokugawa Ieyasu as shogun.

On March 24, 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu received the title of shogun from Emperor Go-Yozei. Ieyasu was 60 years old. He had outlasted all the other great men of his times: Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, Shingen, Kenshin. He was the shogun and he used his remaining years to create and solidify the Tokugawa shogunate (That was eventually to become the Edo period, about two hundred years under Ieyasu's Shogunate) , the third shogunal government (after the Minamoto and the Ashikaga). He claimed descent from the Minamoto clan by way of the Nitta family. Ironically Ieyasu descendants would marry into the Taira clan and Fujiwara Clans. The Tokugawa Shogunate would rule Japan for the next 250 years.

Following a well established Japanese pattern, Ieyasu abdicated his official position as shogun in 1605. His successor was his son and heir, Tokugawa Hidetada. This may have been done, in part to avoid being tied up in ceremonial duties, and in part to make it harder for his enemies to attack the real power center, and in part to secure a smoother succession of his son. The abdication of Ieyasu had no effect on the practical extent of his powers or his rule; but Hidetada nevertheless assumed a role as formal head of the bakufu bureaucracy.


The Tokugawa clan crest

Retired Shogun (1605–1616)

Ieyasu, acting as the retired shogun (大御所, ōgosho), remained the effective ruler of Japan until his death. Ieyasu retired to Sunpu Castle in Sunpu, but he also supervised the building of Edo Castle, a massive construction project which lasted for the rest of Ieyasu's life. The end result was the largest castle in all of Japan, the costs for building the castle being borne by all the other daimyo, while Ieyasu reaped all the benefits. The central donjon, or tenshu, burned in the 1657 Meireki fire. Today, the Imperial Palace stands on the site of the castle.

Ogosho Ieyasu also supervised diplomatic affairs with the Netherlands and Spain. He chose to distance Japan from the Europeans starting in 1609, although the bakufu did give the Dutch exclusive trading rights and permitted them to maintain a "factory" for trading purposes. From 1605 until his death, Ieyasu consulted with an English Protestant pilot in Dutch employ, William Adams, who played a noteworthy role in forming and furthering the Shogunate's evolving relations with Spain and the Roman Catholic Church.

In 1611, Ieyasu, at the head of 50,000 men, visited Kyoto to witness the coronation of Emperor Go-Mizunoo. In Kyoto, Ieyasu ordered the remodeling of the imperial court and buildings, and forced the remaining western daimyo to sign an oath of fealty to him. In 1613, he composed the Kuge Shohatto' a document which put the court daimyo under strict supervision, leaving them as mere ceremonial figureheads. The influences of Christiany, which was beset by quarreling over the Protestant Reformation and its aftermath, on Japan were proving problematic for Ieyasu. In 1614, he signed the Christian Expulsion Edict which banned Christiany, expelled all Christians and foreigners, and banned Christians from practicing their religion. As a result, many Kirishitans (early Japanese Christians) fled to either Portuguese Macau or the Spanish Philippines.

In 1615, he prepared the Buke Shohatto, a document setting out the future of the Tokugawa regime.

Siege of Osaka

The climax of Ieyasu's life was the siege of Osaka Castle (1614–1615). The last remaining threat to Ieyasu's rule was Hideyori, the son and rightful heir to Hideyoshi. He was now a young daimyo living in Osaka Castle. Many samurai who opposed Ieyasu rallied around Hideyori, claiming that he was the rightful ruler of Japan. Ieyasu found fault with the opening ceremony of a temple built by Hideyori—it was as if Hideyori prayed for Ieyasu's death and the ruin of Tokugawa clan. Ieyasu ordered Toyotomi to leave Osaka Castle, but those in the castle refused and started to gather samurai into the castle. Then the Tokugawa, with a huge army led by Ogosho Ieyasu and Shogun Hidetada, laid siege to Osaka castle in what is now known as "the Winter Siege of Osaka." Eventually, Tokugawa made a deal threatening Hideyori's mother, Yodogimi, firing cannons towards the castle to stop the fighting. However, as soon as the treaty was agreed upon, Tokugawa filled Osaka Castle's moats with sand so his troops could go across them. Ieyasu returned to Sumpu once, but after Toyotomi refused another order to leave Osaka, he and his allied army of 155,000 soldiers attacked Osaka Castle again in "the Summer Siege of Osaka." Finally in late 1615, Osaka Castle fell and nearly all the defenders were killed including Hideyori, his mother (Hideyoshi's widow, Yodogimi), and his infant son. His wife, Senhime (a granddaughter of Ieyasu), was sent back to Tokugawa alive. With the Toyotomi finally extinguished, no threats remained to Tokugawa's domination of Japan.

The End of His Life


Grave of Ieyasu in Tōshō-gū

In 1616, Ieyasu died at age 73. The cause of death is thought to have been cancer or syphilis. The first Tokugawa shogun was posthumously deified with the name Tōshō Daigongen (東照大権現), the "Great Gongen, Light of the East". (A Gongen (the prefix Dai- meaning great) is believed to be a buddha who has appeared on Earth in the shape of a kami to save sentient beings). In life, Ieyasu had expressed the wish to be deified after his death in order to protect his descendants from evil. His remains were buried at the Gongens' mausoleum at Kunōzan, Kunōzan Tōshō-gū (久能山東照宮). After the first anniversary of his death, his remains were reburied at Nikkō Shrine, Nikkō Tōshō-gū (日光東照宮). His remains are still there. The mausoleum's architectural style became known as gongen-zukuri, that is gongen-style.